Polyhydroxylated monocyclic N-heterocyclic derivatives as anti-coagulants

ABSTRACT

This invention is directed to poly-hydroxylated monocyclic N-heterocyclic derivatives selected from the following formulae:wherein Z1, Z2, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are defined herein. These compounds are useful as anti-coagulants.

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 09,196,921, filed Nov. 19, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,088.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to polyhydroxylated monocyclic N-heterocyclic derivatives and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which inhibit the enzyme, factor Xa, thereby being useful as anti-coagulants. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the derivatives or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and methods of their use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Factor Xa is a member of the trypsin-like serine protease class of enzymes. A one-to-one binding of factors Xa and Va with calcium ions and phospholipid forms the prothrombinase complex which converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin, in turn, converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form insoluble fibrin.

In the coagulation cascade, the prothrombinase complex is the convergent point of the intrinsic (surface activated) and extrinsic (vessel injury-tissue factor) pathways (Biochemistry (1991), Vol. 30, p. 10363; and Cell (1988), Vol. 53, pp. 505-518). The model of the coagulation cascade has been refined further with the discovery of the mode of action of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) (Seminars in Hematology (1992), Vol. 29, pp. 159-161). TFPI is a circulating multi-domain serine protease inhibitor with three Kunitz-type domains which competes with factor Va for free factor Xa. Once formed, the binary complex of factor Xa and TFPI becomes a potent inhibitor of the factor VIIa and tissue factor complex.

Factor Xa can be activated by two distinct complexes, by tissue factor-VIIa complex on the “Xa burst” pathway and by the factor IXa-VIIIa complex (TENase) of the “sustained Xa” pathway in the coagulation cascade. After vessel injury, the “Xa burst” pathway is activated via tissue factor (TF). Up regulation of the coagulation cascade occurs via increased factor Xa production via the “sustained Xa” pathway. Down regulation of the coagulation cascade occurs with the formation of the factor Xa-TFPI complex, which not only removes factor Xa but also inhibits further factor formation via the “Xa burst” pathway. Therefore, the coagulation cascade is naturally regulated by factor Xa.

The primary advantage of inhibiting factor Xa over thrombin in order to prevent coagulation is the focal role of factor Xa versus the multiple functions of thrombin. Thrombin not only catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, factor VIII to VIIIA, factor V to Va, and factor XI to XIa, but also activates platelets, is a monocyte chemotactic factor, and mitogen for lymphocytes and smooth muscle cells. Thrombin activates protein C, the in vivo anti-coagulant inactivator of factors Va and VIIIa, when bound to thrombomodulin. In circulation, thrombin is rapidly inactivated by antithrombin III (ATIII) and heparin cofactor II (HCII) in a reaction which is catalyzed by heparin or other proteoglycan-associated glycosaminoglycans, whereas thrombin in tissues is inactivated by the protease, nexin. Thrombin carries out its multiple cellular activation functions through a unique “tethered ligand” thrombin receptor (Cell (1991), Vol. 64, p. 1057), which requires the same anionic binding site and active site used in fibrinogen binding and cleavage and by thrombomodulin binding and protein C activation. Thus, a diverse group of in vivo molecular targets compete to bind thrombin and the subsequent proteolytic events will have very different physiological consequences depending upon which cell type and which receptor, modulator, substrate or inhibitor binds thrombin.

Published data with the proteins antistasin and tick anti-coagulant peptide (TAP) demonstrate that factor Xa inhibitors are efficacious anti-coagulants (Thrombosis and Haemostasis (1992), Vol. 67, pp. 371-376; and Science (1990), Vol. 248, pp. 593-596).

The active site of factor Xa can be blocked by either a mechanism-based or a tight binding inhibitor (a tight binding inhibitor differs from a mechanism-based inhibitor by the lack of a covalent link between the enzyme and the inhibitor). Two types of mechanism-based inhibitors are known, reversible and irreversible, which are distinguished by ease of hydrolysis of the enzyme-inhibitor link (Thrombosis Res (1992), Vol. 67, pp. 221-231; and Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1987), Vol. 8, pp. 303-307). A series of guanidino compounds are examples of tight-binding inhibitors (Thrombosis Res. (1980), Vol. 19, pp. 339-349). Arylsulfonyl-arginine-piperidine-carboxylic acid derivatives have also been shown to be tight-binding inhibitors of thrombin (Biochem. (1984), Vol. 23, pp. 85-90), as well as a series of arylamidine-containing compounds, including 3-amidinophenylaryl derivatives (Thrombosis Res. (1983), Vol. 29, pp. 635-642) and bis(amidino)benzyl cycloketones (Thrombosis Res. (1980), Vol. 17, pp. 545-548). However, these compounds demonstrate poor selectivity for factor Xa.

Related Disclosures

European Published Patent Application 0 540 051 (Nagahara et al.) describes aromatic amidine derivatives. These derivatives are stated to be capable of showing a strong anticoagulant effect through reversible inhibition of factor Xa.

The synthesis of α,α′-bis(amidinobenzylidene)cycloalkanones and α,α′-bis(amidino-benzyl)cycloalkanones is described in Pharmazie (1977), Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 141-145. These compounds are disclosed as being serine protease inhibitors.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,700 (Morrissey et al.) describes amidino compounds. These compounds are stated to be useful as selective LTB₄ receptor antagonists.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,363 (Mohan et al.) describes NN-di(aryl) cyclic urea derivatives. These compounds are stated to be factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,381 (Dallas et al.) describes (Z,Z), (Z,E) and (E,Z) isomers of substituted bis(phenylmethylene)cycloketones. These compounds are disclosed as being factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants.

PCT Published Patent Application WO/96128427 (Buckman et al.) describes benzamidine derivatives. These compounds are stated to be factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants.

PCT Published Patent Application WO/97/21437 (Amaiz et al.) describes naphthyl-substituted benzimidazole derivatives. These compounds are disclosed as being factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants.

PCT Published Patent Application WO97/29067 (Kochanny et al.) describes benzamidine derivatives that are substituted by amino acid and hydroxy acid derivatives. These compounds are stated to be factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants.

The above references, published patent applications and U.S. patents are herein incorporated in full by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to compounds or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts which inhibit human factor Xa and are therefore useful as pharmacological agents for the treatment of disease-states characterized by thrombotic activity.

Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention provides compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

wherein:

A is —C(R⁸)═ or —N═ (where R⁸ is hydrogen, alkyl or halo);

Z¹ is —O—, —N(R⁹)—, —CH₂O— or —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2);

Z² is —O—, —N(R⁹)—, —OCH₂— or —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2);

R¹ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl, nitro, —OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, or —N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹;

R² is —C(NH)NH₂, —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹, —C(NH)N(H)C(O)OR¹¹, —C(NH)N(H)C(O)R⁹, —C(NH)N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹, or —C(NH)N(H)C(O)N(H)R⁹;

R³ is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, nitro, ureido, guanidino, —OR⁹, —C(NH)NH₂, —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —R¹²—C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —CH(OH)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —R¹²—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —R¹²—C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, (1,2)-tetrahydropyrimidinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl);

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, nitro, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)N(R⁹)CH₂C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R¹¹, —N(R⁹)S(O)₂R¹¹, or —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)—CH₂C(O)N(R⁹)R¹¹;

R⁷ is —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂ or —X—C([C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂)₂H where:

p is 0 to 5;

X is —O—, —S(O)—, (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—;

and each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂],—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2);

or R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

where

q is 0to 4;

p is 0 to 5;

each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and

each R¹⁴ is —X—[CH₂]_(r) or —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(r)—, where:

each r is independently 0 to 5, and

each X is —O—, —S(O)—, (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and

each R¹³ is independently ([CH(OR⁹)]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂],—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂],—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n), OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n),—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰), or —[CH₂]_(n), —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2);

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl);

each R¹¹ is alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl); and

each R¹² is independently an alkylene or alkylidene chain; as a single stereoisomer or a mixture thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, this invention provides compositions useful in treating a human having a disease-state characterized by thrombotic activity, which composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of treating a human having a disease-state characterized by thrombotic activity, which method comprises administering to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described above.

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of treating a human having a disease-state alleviated by the inhibition of factor Xa, which method comprises administering to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described above.

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of inhibiting human factor Xa in vitro by the administration of a compound of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

As used in the specification and appended claims, unless specified to the contrary, the following terms have the meaning indicated:

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to six carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (isopropyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), and the like.

“Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(a) where R_(a) is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1-methylethoxy (iso-propoxy), n-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 1,1-dimethylethoxy (t-butoxy), and the like.

“Alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)OR_(a) where R_(a) is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-propoxycarbonyl, 1-methylethoxycarbonyl (isopropoxycarbonyl), n-butoxycarbonyl, n-pentoxycarbonyl, 1,1-dimethylethoxycarbonyl (t-butoxycarbonyl), and the like.

“Alkylene chain” refers to straight or branched chain divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation and having from one to six carbon atoms, e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene and the like.

“Alkylidene chain” refers to a straight or branched chain unsaturated divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, having from one to six carbon atoms, wherein the unsaturation is present only as double bonds and wherein a double bond can exist between the first carbon of the chain and the rest of the molecule, e.g., ethylidene, propylidene, n-butylidene, and the like.

“Aryl” refers to a phenyl or naphthyl radical.

“Aralkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(a)R_(b) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical, as defined above, substituted by R_(b), an aryl radical, as defined above, e.g., benzyl.

“Aralkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(c) where R_(c) is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzyloxy, and the like.

“Amidino” refers to the radical —C(NH)NH₂.

“Aminocarbonyl” refers to the radical —C(O)NH₂.

“Dialkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula —N(R_(a))R_(a) where each R_(a) is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., dimethylamino, methylethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino, ethylpropylamino, and the like.

“Dialkylaminocarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)N(R_(a))R_(a) where each R_(a) is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., dimethylaminocarbonyl, methylethylaminocarbonyl, diethylaminocarbonyl, dipropylaminocarbonyl, ethylpropylaminocarbonyl, and the like.

“Halo” refers to bromo, chloro, iodo or fluoro.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2-trifluoroethyl, 1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1-bromomethyl-2-bromoethyl, and the like.

“(1,2)-Imidazolyl” refers to an imidazolyl radical attached at either the 1- or 2-position.

“(1,2)-Imidazolinyl” refers to a 4,5-dihydroimidazolyl radical attached at either the 1- or the 2-position.

“Monoalkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula —NHR_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, and the like.

“Monoalkylaminocarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)NHR_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methylaminocarbonyl, ethylaminocarbonyl, propylaminocarbonyl, and the like.

“(1,2)-Tetrahydropyrimidinyl” refers to a tetrahydropyrimidinyl radical attached at either the 1- or 2-position.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event of circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted aryl” means that the aryl radical may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both substituted aryl radicals and aryl radicals having no substitution.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base addition salts.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Particularly preferred organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine.

“Therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a compound of the invention which, when administered to a human in need thereof, is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, for disease-states characterized by thrombotic activity. The amount of a compound of the invention which constitutes a “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease-state and its severity, and the age of the human to be treated, but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge and to this disclosure.

“Treating” or “treatment” as used herein covers the treatment of a disease-state in a human, which disease-state is characterized by thrombotic activity, and includes:

(i) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a human, in particular, when such human is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it;

(ii) inhibiting the disease-state, i.e., arresting its development; or

(iii) relieving the disease-state, i.e., causing regression of the disease-state.

The yield of each of the reactions described herein is expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield.

The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, may have asymmetric carbon atoms, oxidized sulfur atoms or quaternized nitrogen atoms in their structure. The compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may therefore exist as single stereoisomers, racemates, and as mixtures of enantiomers and diastereomers. The compounds may also exist as geometric isomers. All such single stereoisomers, racemates and mixtures thereof, and geometric isomers are intended to be within the scope of this invention.

The nomenclature used herein is a modified form of the I.U.P.A.C. system wherein the compounds of the invention are named as polyhydroxylated derivatives of benzamidine. For example, a compound of the invention selected from formula (I):

wherein A is —N═ , Z¹ and Z² are both —O—; R¹ and R⁴ are both hydrogen, R² is —C(NH)NH₂, R³ is —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are both methyl), R⁵ and R⁶ are both fluoro, R⁷ is selected from the formula:

where —R¹⁴— is in the 2-position of the tetrahydrofuranyl moiety and is —X—(CH₂)_(p)— where X is —O— and p is 1; and q is three and one R¹³ is in the 3-position of the tetrahydrofuranyl moiety and is dimethylamino and another R¹³ is in the 4-position of the tetrahydrofuranyl moiety and is hydroxy, and another R¹³ is in the 5-position of the tetrahydrofuranyl moiety and is —CH₂—OH; i.e., the compound of the following formula:

is named herein as 3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-[3-(dimethylaminocarbonyl)phenoxy]-4-[[3-dimethylamino-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]benzamidine.

For purposes of this invention, parenthesis are used to denote substituents of a main atom and brackets are used to denote repeating sections of the substituent. For example, —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂ where p is 2 refers to the substituent of the formula:

Utility and Administration

A. Utility

The compounds of the invention are inhibitors of the serine protease, factor Xa, and are therefore useful in disease-states characterized by thrombotic activity based on factor Xa's role in the coagulation cascade (see Background of the Invention above). A primary indication for the compounds is prophylaxis for long term risk following myocardial infarction. Additional indications are prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following orthopedic surgery or prophylaxis of selected patients following a transient ischemic attack. The compounds of the invention may also be useful for indications in which coumarin is currently used, such as for DVT or other types of surgical intervention such as coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The compounds are also useful for the treatment of thrombotic complications associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia, diabetes, multiple myelomas, disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with septic shock, purpura fulminanas associated infection, adult respiratory distress syndrome, unstable angina, and thrombotic complications associated with aortic valve or vascular prosthesis. The compounds are also useful for prophylaxis for thrombotic diseases, in particular in patients who have a high risk of developing such disease.

In addition, the compounds of the invention are useful as in vitro and in vivo diagnostic reagents for selectively inhibiting factor Xa without inhibiting other components of the coagulation cascade.

B. Testing

The primary bioassays used to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of the compounds of the invention on factor Xa are simple chromogenic assays involving only serine protease, the compound of the invention to be tested, substrate and buffer (see, e.g., Thrombosis Res. (1979), Vol. 16, pp. 245-254). For example, four tissue human serine proteases can be used in the primary bioassay, free factor Xa, prothrombinase, thrombin (IIa) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The assay for tPA has been successfully used before to demonstrate undesired side effects in the inhibition of the fibrinolytic process (see, e.g., J. Med. Chem. (1993), Vol. 36, pp. 314-319).

Another bioassay useful in demonstrating the utility of the compounds of the invention in inhibiting factor Xa demonstrates the potency of the compounds against free factor Xa in citrated plasma. For example, the anticoagulant efficacy of the compounds of the invention will be tested using either the prothrombin time (PT), or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) while selectivity of the compounds is checked with the thrombin clotting time (TCT) assay. Correlation of the K_(i) in the primary enzyme assay with the K_(i) for free factor Xa in citrated plasma will screen against compounds which interact with or are inactivated by other plasma components. Correlation of the K_(i) with the extension of the PT is a necessary in vitro demonstration that potency in the free factor Xa inhibition assay translates into potency in a clinical coagulation assay. In addition, extension of the PT in citrated plasma can be used to measure duration of action in subsequent pharmacodynamic studies.

For further information on assays to demonstrate the activity of the compounds of the invention, see R. Lottenberg et al., Methods in Enzymology (1981), Vol. 80, pp. 341-361, and H. Ohno et al., Thrombosis Research (1980), Vol. 19, pp. 579-588.

C. General Administration

Administration of the compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, in pure form or in an appropriate pharmaceutical composition, can be carried out via any of the accepted modes of administration or agents for serving similar utilities. Thus, administration can be, for example, orally, nasally, parenterally, topically, transdermally, or rectally, in the form of solid, semi-solid, lyophilized powder, or liquid dosage forms, such as for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, soft elastic and hard gelatin capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, or aerosols, or the like, preferably in unit dosage forms suitable for simple administration of precise dosages. The compositions will include a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and a compound of the invention as the/an active agent, and, in addition, may include other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, etc.

Generally, depending on the intended mode of administration, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions will contain about 1% to about 99% by weight of a compound(s) of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and 99% to 1% by weight of a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. Preferably, the composition will be about 5% to 75% by weight of a compound(s) of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with the rest being suitable pharmaceutical excipients.

The preferred route of administration is oral, using a convenient daily dosage regimen which can be adjusted according to the degree of severity of the disease-state to be treated. For such oral administration, a pharmaceutically acceptable composition containing a compound(s) of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is formed by the incorporation of any of the normally employed excipients, such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, pregelatinized starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, talcum, cellulose ether derivatives, glucose, gelatin, sucrose, citrate, propyl gallate, and the like. Such compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations and the like.

Preferably such compositions will take the form of capsule, caplet or tablet and therefore will also contain a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, and the like; a disintegrant such as croscarmellose sodium or derivatives thereof; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate and the like; and a binder such as a starch, gum acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, cellulose ether derivatives, and the like.

The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, may also be formulated into a suppository using, for example, about 0.5% to about 50% active ingredient disposed in a carrier that slowly dissolves within the body, e.g., polyoxyethylene glycols and polyethylene glycols (PEG), e.g., PEG 1000 (96%) and PEG 4000 (4%).

Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc., a compound(s) of the invention (about 0.5% to about 20%), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension.

If desired, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, antioxidants, and the like, such as, for example, citric acid, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, butylated hydroxytoluene, etc.

Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., (Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990). The composition to be administered will, in any event, contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatment of a disease-state alleviated by the inhibition of factor Xa in accordance with the teachings of this invention.

The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are administered in a therapeutically effective amount which will vary depending upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the metabolic stability and length of action of the compound; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient; the mode and time of administration; the rate of excretion; the drug combination; the severity of the particular disease-states; and the host undergoing therapy. Generally, a therapeutically effective daily dose is from about 0.14 mg to about 14.3 mg/kg of body weight per day of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; preferably, from about 0.7 mg to about 10 mg/kg of body weight per day; and most preferably, from about 1.4 mg to about 7.2 mg/kg of body weight per day. For example, for administration to a 70 kg person, the dosage range would be from about 10 mg to about 1.0 gram per day of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferably from about 50 mg to about 700 mg per day, and most preferably from about 100 mg to about 500 mg per day.

Preferred Embodiments

Of the compounds of the invention as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention, a preferred group of compounds are those compounds selected from formula (I):

as single stereoisomers or mixtures thereof; or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Of this group of compounds, a preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein:

A is —N═;

Z¹ is —O—, —CH₂O— or —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 1);

Z² is —O—, —OCH₂— or —S(O)—, (where n is 1);

R¹ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl or —OR⁹;

R² is —C(NH)NH₂, —C(NH)N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹ or —C(NH)N(H)C(O)N(H)R⁹;

R³ is ureido, guanidino, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, (1,2)-tetrahydropyrimidinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by alkyl) or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl);

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl;

R⁷ is —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂ where:

p is 0 to 5;

X is —O—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—;

and each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂], —SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹i —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2);

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl); and

each R¹¹ is alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl).

Of this subgroup of compounds, a preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein:

A is —N═;

Z¹ is —O—;

Z² is —O—;

R¹ is hydrogen or —OR⁹;

R² is —C(NH)NH₂;

R³ is (1,2)-tetrahydropyrimidinyl (optionally substituted by methyl), (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by methyl) or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by methyl);

R⁴ is hydrogen;

R⁵ and R⁵ are each halo;

R⁷ is —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂ where:

p is 0 to 5;

X is —O—;

and each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹l, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2);

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen or alkyl; and

each R¹¹ is alkyl or aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl).

Of this class of compounds, a preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein:

A is —N═;

Z¹ is —O—;

Z² is —O—;

R¹ is —OR⁹;

R² is —C(NH)NH₂;

R³ is (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by methyl) or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by methyl);

R⁴ is hydrogen;

R⁵ and R⁶ are both fluoro;

R⁷ is —X—CH₂—[C(R³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂ where:

p is 0 to 5;

X is —O—;

and each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂], —SR⁹ or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

Of this subclass of compounds, preferred compounds are those compounds wherein R⁷ is —O—CH₂—C(OH)H—C(OH)H₂.

Of the preferred group of compounds of formula (I) as described above, another preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein:

A is —N═;

Z¹ is —O—, —CH₂O— or —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2);

Z² is —O—, —OCH₂— or —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2);

R¹ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halo or —OR⁹;

R²is —C(NH)NH₂, —C(NH)N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹ or —C(NH)N(H)C(O)N(H)R⁹;

R³ is ureido, guanidino, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, (1,2)-tetrahydropyrimidinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl);

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl;

R⁷is selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

 where

q is 0 to 4;

p is 0 to 5;

each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹, —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹ —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and

each R¹⁴is —X—[CH₂]_(r)— or —X—CH₂—[C(R³)H]_(r)—, where:

each r is independently 0 to 5, and

each X is —O—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and

each R¹³ is independently —[CH(OR⁹)]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂], —SC(O)R⁹—[CH₂]_(r)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)oR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2);

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl);

each R¹¹ is alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl).

Of this subgroup of compounds, a preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein:

A is —N═;

Z¹ is —O—;

Z² is —O—;

R¹ is hydrogen or —OR⁹;

R² is —C(NH)NH₂;

R³ is (1,2)-tetrahydropyrimidinyl (optionally substituted by methyl), (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by methyl), or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by methyl);

R⁴ is hydrogen;

R⁵ and R⁶ are each halo;

R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

 where

q is 0 to 4;

p is 0 to 5;

each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(CH₂),-OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂], —SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and

each R¹⁴ is —X—[CH₂]_(n)— or —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(r)—, where:

each r is independently 0 to 5, and

each X is —O—, —S(O)—, (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and

each R¹³ is independently —[CH(OR⁹)]_(m)—CH₂-OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2);

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen or alkyl; and

each R¹¹ is independently alkyl or aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl).

Of this class of compounds, a preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein:

A is —N═;

Z¹ is —O—;

Z² is —O—;

R¹ is —OR⁹;

R² is —C(NH)NH₂;

R³ is (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by methyl), or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by methyl);

R⁴ is hydrogen;

R⁵ and R⁶ are both fluoro;

R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

 where

q is 0 to 4;

p is 0 to 5;

each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹ or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and

each R¹⁴ is —X—[CH₂]_(r)— or —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³))H]_(r)—, where:

each r is independently 0 to 5, and

each X is independently —O—, —S(O)—, (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and

each R¹³ is independently —[CH(OR⁹)]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂], —SR⁹ or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰; and

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

Of this subclass of compounds, a preferred set of compounds are those compounds wherein R⁷ is:

where

q is 0 to 4;

each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹ or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and

each R¹⁴ is —X—[CH₂], or —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(r)—, where:

each r is independently 0 to 5, and

each X is independently —O—, —S(O)—, (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and

each R¹³ is independently —[CH(OR⁹)]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹ or —[CH₂], —N(R⁹)R¹⁰; and

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

Of this set of compounds, a preferred subset of compounds are those compounds wherein R⁷ is:

where

q is 0 to 4;

each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂], —SR⁹ or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and each R¹⁴ is —X—[CH₂]_(r)— where:

r is 0 to 5, and

X is —O—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

Of this subset of compounds, preferred compounds are those compounds wherein:

where

q is 0 to 4;

each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹ or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹l (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and

each R¹⁴ is —X—[CH₂]_(r)— where:

r is 0 or 1, and

X is —O—; and

each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

Of these preferred compounds, even more preferred compounds are those compounds wherein R⁷ is:

where R¹⁴ is —O—; q is 3 and one R¹³ is in the 4-position of the tetrahydrofuranyl ring and is hydroxy, the second R¹³ is in the 2-position of the tetrahydrofuranyl ring and is 2,3-dihydroxyethyl and the third R¹³ is in the 5-position of the tetrahydrofuranyl ring and is ethoxy.

Of the preferred compounds of the invention, the most preferred compounds are the following:

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[[2-(1,2-dihydoxyethyl)-4-hydroxy-5-ethoxytetrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-hydroxybenzamidine; and

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine.

Preparation of Compounds of the Invention

As a matter of convenience, the following description of the preparation of the compounds of the invention is directed to the preparation of compounds of formula (I) where A is —N═ , Z¹ and Z² are both —O—, and R² is —C(NH)NH₂. It is understood, however, that similar synthetic processes may be used to prepare other compounds of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), and (VII). It is also understood that in the following description, combinations of substituents and/or variables (e.g., R⁹ and R¹⁰) on the depicted formulae are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

Preparation of Compounds of Formula (Ia)

Compound of formula (Ia) are compounds of Formula (I) of the invention wherein A is —N═, Z¹ and Z² are both —O—, and R² is —C(NH)NH₂. They are prepared as shown in the following REACTION SCHEME wherein Y is bromo or chloro and R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are as described above in the Summary of the Invention, except that prior to Step 1, compounds of formula (B) which contain additional reactive hydroxy or amino groups may be treated with the appropriate oxygen- or nitrogen-protecting groups according to methods known to those skilled in the art, such as those described in Greene, T. W, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1981), John Wiley & Sons, New York. Such protected compounds will be deprotected during the reaction conditions of Step 4 to form the desired R⁷ substituent. Alternatively, compounds of formula (B) may already be present in an oxygen- or nitrogen-protected form and as a result of the reaction conditions of Step 4 may become deprotected to form the desired R⁷ substituent.

Compounds of formula (A), (B), (D), and (F) are commercially available, for example, from Aldrich Chemical Co., Sigma Chemical Co., or ICN Biomedicals, Inc, or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. Compounds of formula (B) are also commercially available in protected forms, for example, from Aldrich Chemical Co. or Sigma Chemical Co.

In general, the compounds of formula (Ia) are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (A) with a compound of formula (B) in an aprotic solvent, for example, DMSO, in the presence of a base, for example, cesium carbonate, at 0° C. to 80° C., preferably between 25° C. to 60° C., for about 20 to 40 hours. The compound of formula (C) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard techniques, such as extraction, filtration and in vacuo removal of solvent.

The resulting compound of formula (C) in an aprotic solvent, for example, acetonitrile, is treated with an equimolar amount of a compound of formula (D) in the presence of a base, for example, cesium carbonate, at temperatures between about 20° C. and 120° C., preferably at ambient temperature, for a period of time sufficient to complete the desired reaction as monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The compound of formula (E) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction, in vacuo removal of solvent, and flash chromatography.

The compound of formula (E) in an aprotic solvent, for example, DMSO, is then treated with an equimolar amount of a compound of formula (F) in the presence of a base, for example, cesium carbonate, at temperatures between about 20° C. and 120° C., preferably at about 55° C., for a period of time sufficient to complete the desired reaction, for example, for about 24 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature and the compound of formula (G) is then isolated from the reaction mixture through standard isolated techniques, such as extraction, in vacuo removal of solvent, and flash chromatography.

The compound of formula (G) is dissolved in an anhydrous alkanol, preferably ethanol, and then anhydrous mineral acid, preferably HCl, is added to the solution over a period of time sufficient to incorporate the acid into the solution while maintaining the reaction temperatures at about −78° C. After incorporation is complete, the reaction vessel is sealed and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred between 12 and 24 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the resulting residue is dissolved in fresh anhydrous alkanol, preferably ethanol, and then treated with anhydrous ammonia (gas) at temperatures from between ambient temperature and about 100° C. from about 1 to about 48 hours, preferably at about 60° C. and for about 2 hours. The compound of formula (Ia) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, for example, in vacuo removal of solvent and purification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During this last step, compounds of formula (G) where R⁷ is in an oxygen- or nitrogen-protected form are deprotected to form compounds of formula (Ia) where R⁷ is as defined above in the Summary of the Invention.

Alternatively, instead of treating the resulting residue above with anhydrous ammonia (gas), the resulting residue may be treated with a compound of the formula NH₂OR⁹ to afford the corresponding compound of formula (Ia) wherein R² is —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹.

Compounds of formula (Ia) wherein R³ is —C(NH)NH₂ or —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹ are produced from the corresponding cyano compounds in a similar manner as that described above for compound of formula (G).

Compounds of formula (Ia) wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰ or R¹¹ contains an alkoxycarbonyl group or a —C(O)OR⁹ group where R⁹ is alkyl or aralkyl may also be treated under standard transesterification conditions with an alcohol of the formula R⁹OH where R⁹ is aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl) to produce compounds of the invention wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰ or R¹¹ contains an aryloxycarbonyl group or a —C(O)OR⁹ group where R⁹ is aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl). Compounds of formula (Ia) wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, or R¹¹ contains an aminocarbonyl group, a monoalkylaminocarbonyl group, a dialkylaminocarbonyl group, a —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰group or a —C(O)OR⁹ group (where each R⁹ or R¹⁰ is independently alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl)) may also be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to prepare corresponding compounds of the invention where R¹, R³, R⁴, R^(6,) R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, or R¹¹ contains a carboxy or a —C(O)OH group.

Compounds of formula (Ia) wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R, R¹⁰ or R¹¹ contains a carboxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, or a —C(O)OR⁹ group where R⁹ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or optionally substituted aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl) may also be amidated under standard amidation conditions to form the corresponding compounds of formula (Ia) where R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, or R¹¹ contains an aminocarbonyl group, a monoalkylaminocarbonyl group, a dialkylaminocarbonyl group or a —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ group where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or optionally substituted aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl).

Compounds of formula (Ia) where R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, or R¹¹ contains a nitro group may also be reduced under standard conditions to produce the corresponding compounds of formula (Ia) where R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, or R¹¹ contains an amino group, which may also be treated with the appropriate alkylating agents or acylating agents to afford the corresponding compounds of formula (Ia) where R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, or R¹¹ contains a monoalkylamino group, a dialkylamino group, a —N(R⁹)R¹⁰ group or a —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹ where each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl).

Compounds of formula (Ia) may also be further treated with the appropriate acid halide, preferably acid chloride, or with the appropriate acid anhydride or an equivalent, to yield compounds of the invention wherein R² is —C(NH)N(H)C(O)R⁹ where R⁹ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or optionally substituted aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl).

Alternatively, compounds of formula (Ia) may further be treated with carbamoyl chlorides or their equivalents to yield compounds of the invention where R² is —C(NH)N(H)C(O)OR⁹ where R⁹ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or optionally substituted aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl).

Alternatively, compounds of formula (Ia) may also be further treated with compounds of the formula R¹¹—S(O)₂-imidazole (where R¹¹ is defined above in the Summary of the Invention) in a polar solvent, such as methylene chloride, at ambient temperature to afford compounds of the invention where R² is —C(NH)N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹ where R¹¹ is defined above in the Summary of the Invention.

Alternatively, compounds of formula (Ia) may be further treated with an appropriately N—R⁹-substituted phenylcarbamate in a polar solvent, preferably methylene chloride, at ambient temperature, for about 6 to 24 hours, preferably for about 12 hours, to afford compounds of the invention where R² is —C(NH)N(H)C(O)N(H)R⁹ where R⁹ is defined above in the Summary of the Invention.

Compounds of formula (Ia) which contain an unoxidized sulfur atom may be oxidized with the appropriate oxidizing agent to produce compounds containing oxidized sulfur (i.e., —S(O)_(n)— where n is 1 or 2).

The following specific preparations and examples are provided as a guide to assist in the practice of the invention, and are not intended as a limitation on the scope of the invention.

PREPARATION 1 Compounds of Formula (C)

A. To pentafluoropyridine (2.0 g, 12 mmol) dissolved in DMSO was added 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol (solketal) (1.5 mL, 12 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (3.8 g, 12 mmol). The slurry was heated in an oil bath at 60° C. for 1 day. The reaction was partitioned with water and ethyl acetate, washed with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was removed to give 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[[(2,2-dimethyl)dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]pyridine (3.2 g).

B. In a similar manner, the following compound of formula (C) was prepared: 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[[5-[(2,2-dimethyl)dioxolan-4-yl]-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxol-6-yl]oxy]pyridine.

C. In a similar manner, the following oxygen- or nitrogen-protected compounds of formula (C) are prepared:

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[2-(acetyl)amino-4-(methylthio)butloxy]pyridine;

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[(2-(acetyl)amino-3-hydroxyprop-1-yl)thio]pyridine;

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[[2′,2′,2,2-tetramethyl-3a′,4′,7′,7a′-tetrahydrospiro[1,3-doxolane-4,6′-[6H-1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-7′-yl]]oxy]pyridine;

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[(4-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-(trityloxy)methyl-3a,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-7-yl)oxy]pyridine;

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[(2,2-dimethyl-5-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridine;

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[bis(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridine;

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3a,5a,8a,8b-tetrahydro-5H-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-yl)methoxy]pyridine;

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3a,5a,8a,8b-tetrahydro-5H-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran-5-yl)methoxy]pyridine;

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[(6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[3,4-d]-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methoxy]pyridine; and

2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[(5-(((methoxycarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxol-6-yl)oxy]pyridine.

D. In a manner similar to that described above, other compounds of formula (C) may be prepared.

PREPARATION 2 Compounds of Formula (E)

A. To 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-[(2,2-dimethyidioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridine (3.2 g, 11 mmol) in CH₃CN (20 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (3.8 g, 12 mmol) and 3-hydroxy-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile (2.5 g, 11 mmol). After stirring for 24 hours the reaction was partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The layers were separated, washed with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was triturated with hexane/ethyl acetate (1/1) and the resulting solid was collected by filtration to give 3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[(2,2-dimethyldioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile (3.0 g).

B. In a similar manner, the following compound of formula (E) was prepared: 3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[[5-[(2,2-dimethyl)dioxolan-4-yl]-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxol-6-yl]oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile.

C. In a similar manner, the following oxygen- or nitrogen-protected compounds of formula (E) are prepared:

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[2-(acetyl)amino-4-(methylthio)but-1-oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[(2-(acetyl)amino-3-hydroxyprop-1-yl)thio]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[[2′,2′,2,2-tetramethyl-3a′,4′,7′, 7a′-tetrahydrospiro[1,3-doxolane-4,6′-[6H-1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-7′-yl]]oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[(4-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-(trityloxy)methyl-3a,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-7-yl)oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[(2,2-dimethyl-5-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[bis(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3a,5a,8a,8b-tetrahydro-5H-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3a,5a,8a,8b-tetrahydro-5H-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran-5-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[(6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[3d]1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile; and

3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[(5-(((methoxycarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxol-6-yl)oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile.

D. In a manner similar to that described above, other compounds of formula (E) may be prepared.

PREPARATION 3 Compounds of Formula (G)

A. To 3-[[3,5,6-trifluoro-4-[(2,2-dimethyidioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile (1.0 g, 2.1 mmol) in DMSO (6 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (0.7 g, 2.1 mmol) and 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylimidazoline (0.4 g, 2.2 mmol). After stirring in an oil bath at 55° C. for 24 hours, the reaction was partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The layers were separated, washed with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/NH₄OH (240/10/1) to give 3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-(2,2-dimethyidioxolan-4-yl)methoxylpyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile (0.9 g).

B. In a similar manner, the following compound of formula (G) was prepared: 3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[[5—[(2,2-dimethyl)dioxolan-4-yl]-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxol-6-yl]oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile.

C. In a similar manner, the following oxygen-protected or nitrogen-protected compounds of formula (G) are prepared:

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[2-(acetyl)amino-4-(methylthio)but-1-oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-[(2-(acetyl)amino-3-hydroxyprop-1-yl)thio]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[[2′,2′,2,2-tetramethyl-3a′,4′,7′,7a′-tetrahydrospiro[1,3-doxolane-4,6′—[6H-1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-7′-yl]]oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[(3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(l -methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[(4-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-(trityloxy)methyl-3a,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-7-yl)oxy]pyridin-2-10 yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[(2,2-dimethyl-5-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-[bis(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3a,5a,8a,8b-tetrahydro-5H-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy)4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-[(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3a,5a,8a,8b-tetrahydro-5H-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran-5-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-20 (benzyloxy)benzonitrile;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[(6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[3,4-d]-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile; and

3-([3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-[(5-(((methoxycarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxol-6-yl)oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile.

D. In a manner similar to that described above, other compounds of formula (G) may be prepared.

EXAMPLE 1 Compounds of Formula (I)

A. To 3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[(2,2-dimethyldioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-(benzyloxy)benzonitrile (0.9 g, 1.4 mmol), dissolved in ethanol (6 mL) and cooled in a dry ice/isopropanol bath, was bubbled HCl (g). After the solution was saturated, the reaction flask was sealed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and was stirred for 18 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was triturated with ether. The ether was decanted off and the residue was dissolved in ethanol (6 mL). The solution was cooled in a dry ice/isopropanol bath and ammonia (g) was bubbled into the solution. The reaction flask was sealed and heated in an oil bath at 60° C. for 2 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by HPLC on a C18 Dynamax column with a 1040% acetonitrile in water gradient with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid to give 0.76 g of 3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-hydroxybenzamidine as a pure trifluoroacetic acid salt; NMR (DMSO-d₆) 10.2 (s,2), 9.0 (s,2), 8.9 (s,2), 7.5 (m,3), 7.4 (m,3), 7.0 (d,1), 4.55 (m,1), 4.4 (m,1), 4.0 (m,2), 3.9 (m,2), 3.8 (m,1), 3.45 (d,2), 2.95 (s,3) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, the following compound of formula (I) was made:

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(l -methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-[[2-(1,2-dihydoxyethyl)-4-hydroxy-5-ethoxytetrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxylpyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt; NMR (DMSO-d₆) 11.1 (s,1), 10.3 (s,1), 9.0 (s,2), 8.9 (s,2), 7.5 (m,3), 7.3 (m,3), 7.0 (d,1), 5.5 (m,1), 5.3 (m,1), 4.75 (m,2), 4.0 (m,2), 3.85 (m,2), 3.6 (m,4), 3.5 (m,3), 2.92 (s,3), 1.12 (t,3) ppm.

C. In a similar manner, the following compounds of the invention are prepared:

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-(2-amino-4-(methylthio)but-1-oxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-((2-amino-3-hydroxyprop-1-yl)thio)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-((4,5-dihydroxy-2-ethoxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-((4,5-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-6-ethoxytetrahydropyran-3-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-((2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypent-1-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-((1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxypent-3-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[(2-ethoxy-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydropyran-2-yl)methoxylpyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[(6-ethoxy-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydropyran-2-yl)methoxy]pyridine-2-yl]oxy]4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt;

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[(3,4-dihydroxy-5-ethoxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxylpyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt; and

3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(l -methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)4-[(5-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine, trifluoroacetic acid salt.

D. In a manner similar to that described above, other compounds of the invention may be prepared.

EXAMPLE 2

This example illustrates the preparation of representative pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration containing a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., 3-([3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(l -methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-[[2-(1,2-dihydoxyethyl)-4-hydroxy-5-ethoxytetrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxy]pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine:

A. Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 20.0% Lactose 79.5% Magnesium stearate  0.5%

The above ingredients are mixed and dispensed into hard-shell gelatin capsules containing 100 mg each, one capsule would approximate a total daily dosage.

B. Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 20.0%  Magnesium stearate 0.9% Starch 8.6% Lactose 69.6%  PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidine) 0.9%

The above ingredients with the exception of the magnesium stearate are combined and granulated using water as a granulating liquid. The formulation is then dried, mixed with the magnesium stearate and formed into tablets with an appropriate tableting machine.

C. Ingredients Compound of the invention 0.1 g Propylene glycol 20.0 g Polyethylene glycol 400 20.0 g Polysorbate 80 1.0 g Water q.s. 100 mL

The compound of the invention is dissolved in propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400 and polysorbate 80. A sufficient quantity of water is then added with stirring to provide 100 mL of the solution which is filtered and bottled.

D. Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 20.0% Peanut Oil 78.0% Span 60  2.0%

The above ingredients are melted, mixed and filled into soft elastic capsules.

E. Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 1.0% Methyl or carboxymethyl 2.0% cellulose 0.9% saline q.s. 100 mL

The compound of the invention is dissolved in the cellulose/saline solution, filtered and bottled for use.

EXAMPLE 3

This example illustrates the preparation of a representative pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral administration containing a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., 3-[[3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine:

Ingredients Compound of the invention 0.02 g Propylene glycol 20.0 g Polyethylene glycol 400 20.0 g Polysorbate 80 1.0 g 0.9% Saline solution q.s. 100 mL

The compound of the invention is dissolved in propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400 and polysorbate 80. A sufficient quantity of 0.9% saline solution is then added with stirring to provide 100 mL of the I.V. solution which is filtered through a 0.2 m membrane filter and packaged under sterile conditions.

EXAMPLE 4

This example illustrates the preparation of a representative pharmaceutical composition in suppository form containing a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., 3-[[(3,5-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine:

Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention  1.0% Polyethylene glycol 1000 74.5% Polyethylene glycol 4000 24.5%

The ingredients are melted together and mixed on a steam bath, and poured into molds containing 2.5 g total weight.

EXAMPLE 5

This example illustrates the preparation of a representative pharmaceutical formulation for insufflation containing a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., 3-[[3,4-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-(2-amino-4-(methylthio)but-1-oxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]4-hydroxybenzamidine:

Ingredients % wt./wt. Micronized compound of the invention  1.0% Micronized lactose 99.0%

The ingredients are milled, mixed, and packaged in an insufflator equipped with a dosing pump.

EXAMPLE 6

This example illustrates the preparation of a representative pharmaceutical formulation in nebulized form containing a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., 3-[[3,4-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-(2-amino-4-(methylthio)but-1-oxy)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine:

Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention  0.005% Water 89.995% Ethanol 10.000%

The compound of the invention is dissolved in ethanol and blended with water. The formulation is then packaged in a nebulizer equipped with a dosing pump.

EXAMPLE 7

This example illustrates the preparation of a representative pharmaceutical formulation in aerosol form containing a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., 3-[[3,4-difluoro-6-(3-(1-methylimidazolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-4-((2-amino-3-hydroxyprop-1-yl)thio)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxybenzamidine:

Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 0.10% Propellant 11/12 98.90%  Oleic acid 1.00%

The compound of the invention is dispersed in oleic acid and the propellants. The resulting mixture is then poured into an aerosol container fitted with a metering valve.

EXAMPLE 8 In vitro Assay for Factor Xa and Thrombin

This assay demonstrates the activity of the compounds of the invention towards factor Xa, thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator. The activities were determined as an initial rate of cleavage of the peptide p-nitroanilide by the enzyme. The cleavage product, p-nitroaniline, absorbs at 405 nm with a molar extinction coefficient of 9920 M⁻¹cm⁻¹.

Reagents and Solutions:

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Baker analyzed grade).

Assay buffer:

50 mM TrisHCl, 150 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, and

0.1% polyethylene glycol 6000, pH 7.5.

Enzymes (Enzyme Research Lab.):

1. Human factor Xa stock solution: 0.281 mg/mL in assay buffer, stored at −80° C. (working solution (2×): 106 ng/mL or 2 nM in assay buffer, prepare prior to use).

2. Human thrombin stock solution: Concentration as specified by the supplier, stored at −80° C. (working solution (2×): 1200 ng/mL or 32 nM in assay buffer, prepare prior to use).

3. Human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (Two chains, Sigma or American Diagnostica Inc.) stock solution: Concentration as specified by the supplier, stored at —80° C. (working solution (2×): 1361 ng/mL or 20 nM in assay buffer, prepare prior to use).

Chromogenic Substrates (Pharmacia Hepar Inc.):

1. S2222 (FXa assay) stock solution: 6 mM in deionized H₂O, store at 4° C. (working solution (4×): 656 μM in assay buffer).

2. S2302 (Thrombin assay) stock solution: 10 mM in deionized H₂O, stored at 4° C. (working solution (4×): 1200 μM in assay buffer).

3. S2288 (tPA assay) stock solution: 10 mM in deionized H₂O, stored at 4° C. (working solution (4×): 1484 μM in assay buffer for Sigma tPA, or 1120 μM for American Diagnostica tPA).

Standard Inhibitor Compound Stock Solution:

5 mM in DMSO, stored at −20° C.

Test Compounds (Compounds of the Invention) Stock Solutions:

10 mM in DMSO, stored at −20° C.

Assay Procedure:

Assays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates in a total volume of 200 μl. Assay components were in final concentration of 50 mM TrisHCl, 150 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% polyethylene glycol 6000, pH 7.5, in the absence or presence of the standard inhibitor or the test compounds and enzyme and substrate at following concentrations: (1) 1 nM factor Xa (0.1nM or 0.2 nM factor Xa for compounds with K_(i)Xa in low picomolar range) and 164 μM S2222; (2) 16 nM thrombin and 300 μM S2302; and (3) 10 nM tPA and 371 μM or 280 μM S2288. Concentrations of the standard inhibitor compound in the assay were from 5 FM to 0.021 μM in 1 to 3 dilution. Concentration of the test compounds in the assay typically were from 10 μM to 0.041 μM in 1 to 3 dilution. For potent test compounds, the concentrations used in the factor Xa assay were further diluted 100 fold (100 nM to 0.41 nM) or 1000 fold (10 nM to 0.041 nM). All substrate concentrations used are equal to their K_(m) values under the present assay conditions. Assays were performed at ambient temperature.

The first step in the assay was the preparation of 10 mM test compound stock solutions in DMSO (for potent test compounds, 10 mM stock solutions were further diluted to 0.1 or 0.01 mM for the factor Xa assay), followed by the preparation of test compound working solutions (4×) by a serial dilutions of 10 mM stock solutions with Biomek 1000 in 96 deep well plates as follows:

(a) Prepare a 40 μM working solution by diluting the 10 mM stock 1 to 250 in assay buffer in 2 steps: 1 to 100, and 1 to 2.5.

(b) Make another five serial dilutions (1:3) of the 40 μM solution (600 μL for each concentration). A total of six diluted test compound solutions were used in the assay. Standard inhibitor compound (5 mM stock) or DMSO (control) went through the same dilution steps as those described above for test compounds.

The next step in the assay was to dispense 50 μL of the test compound working solutions (4×) (from 40 FM to 0.164 μM) in duplicate to microtiter plates with Biomek. To this was added 100 μL of enzyme working solution (2×) with Biomek. The resulting solutions were incubated at ambient temperature for 10 minutes.

To the solutions was added 50 μL of substrate working solution (4×) with Biomek.

The enzyme kinetics were measured at 405 nm at 10 seconds intervals for five minutes in a THERMOmax plate reader at ambient temperature. When a lower concentration of factor Xa was needed in the factor Xa assay, the enzyme kinetics were measured for fifteen minutes (0.2 nM factor Xa) or thirty minutes (0.1 nM factor Xa) at ambient temperature.

Calculation of K_(i) of the Test Compounds:

Enzyme initial rates were calculated as mOD/min based on the first two minutes readings. The IC₅₀ values were determined by fitting the data to the log-logit equation (linear) or the Morrison equation (non-linear) with an EXCEL spread-sheet. K_(i) values were then obtained by dividing the IC₅₀ by 2. Routinely, K_(i) (factor Xa) values less than 3 nM were calculated from the Morrison equation.

Compounds of the invention, when tested in this assay, demonstrated the selective ability to inhibit human factor Xa and human thrombin.

EXAMPLE 9 In Vitro Assay for Human Prothrombinase

This assay demonstrates the ability of the compounds of the invention to inhibit prothrombinase. Prothrombinase (PTase) catalyzes the activation of prothrombin to yield fragment 1.2 plus thrombin with meizothrombin as the intermediate. This assay is an end point assay. Activity of the prothrombinase is measured by activity of thrombin (one of the reaction products) or by the amount of thrombin formed/time based on a thrombin standard curve (nM vs mOD/min). For determination of IC₅₀ (PTase) of the compounds of the invention, PTase activity was expressed by thrombin activity (mOD/min).

Materials:

Enzymes:

1. Human factor Va (Haematologic Technologies Inc., Cat# HCVA-0110) working solution: 1.0 mg/mL in 50% glycerol, 2 mM CaCl₂, stored at −20° C.

2. Human factor Xa (Enzyme Res. Lab. cat# HFXa1011) working solution: 0.281 mg/mL in assay buffer (without BSA), stored at −80° C.

3. Human prothrombin (FII) (Enzyme Res. Lab., Cat# HP1002) working solution:

Diluted FII to 4.85 mg/mL in assay buffer (without BSA), stored at −80° C.

Phospholipid (PCPS) vesicles:

PCPS vesicles (80%PC, 20%PS) were prepared by modification of the method reported by Barenholz et al., Biochemistry (1977), Vol. 16, pp. 2806-2810.

Phosphatidyl serine (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc., Cat#840032):

10 mg/mL in chloroform, purified from brain, stored −20° C. under nitrogen or argon.

Phosphatidyl Choline (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc., Cat# 850457):

50 mg/ml in chloroform, synthetic 16:0-18:1 Palmitoyl-Oleoyl, stored at −20° C. under nitrogen or argon.

Spectrozyme-TH (American Diagnostica Inc., Cat# 238L, 50 μmoles, stored at ambient temperature) working solution: Dissolved 50 μmoles in 10 mL dH₂O.

BSA (Sigma Chem Co., Cat# A-7888, FractionV, RIA grade).

Assay buffer: 50 mM TrisHCl, pH 7.5,150 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% PEG 6000 (BDH), 0.05% BSA (Sigma, Fr.V, RIA grade).

For one plate assay, prepare the following working solutions:

1. Prothrombinase complex:

(a) 100 μM PCPS (27.5 μL of PCPS stock (4.36 mM) diluted to final 1200 μL with assay buffer.

(b) 25 nM Human factor Va: 5.08 μL of Va stock(1 mg/mL) was diluted to final 1200 μL with assay buffer.

(c) 5 pM Human factor Xa: Dilute factor Xa stock (0.281 mg/mL) 1:1,220,000 with assay buffer. Prepare at least 1200 μL.

Combine equal volumes (1100 μL) of each component in the order of PCPS, Va and Xa. Use immediately or store in ice (bring to ambient temperature before use).

2. 6 μM Human prothrombin (FII): dilute 124 μL of FII stock (4.85 mg/mL) to final 1400 μL with assay buffer.

3. 20 mM EDTA/Assay buffer: 0.8 mL of 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.5) plus 19.2 mL assay buffer.

4. 0.2 mM Spectrozyme-TH/EDTA buffer: 0.44 mL of SPTH stock (5 mM) plus 10.56 mL of 20 mM EDTA/assay buffer.

5. Test compounds (compounds of the invention):

Prepare a working solution (5×) from 10 mM stock (DMSO) and make a series of 1:3 dilution. Compounds were assayed at 6 concentrations in duplicate.

Assay Conditions and Procedure:

Prothrombinase reaction was performed in final 50 μL of mixture containing PTase (20 μM PCPS, 5 nM hFVa, and 1 μM hFXa), 1.2 μM human factor 11 and varied concentration of the test compounds (5 μM to 0.021 μM or lower concentration range). Reaction was started by addition of PTase and incubated for 6 minutes at ambient temperature. Reaction was stopped by addition of EDTA/buffer to final 10 mM. Activity of thrombin (product) was then measured in the presence of 0.1 mM of Spectrozyme-TH as substrate at 405 nm for 5 minutes (10 seconds intervals) at ambient temperature in a THEROmax microplate reader. Reactions were performed in 96-well microtiter plates.

In the first step of the assay, 10 μL of diluted test compound (5×) or buffer was added to the plates in duplicate. Then 10 μL of prothrombin (hFII) (5×) was added to each well. Next 30 μL PTase was added to each well, mix for about 30 seconds. The plates were then incubated at ambient temperature for 6 minutes.

In the next step, 50 μL of 20 mM EDTA (in assay buffer) was added to each well to stop the reaction. The resulting solutions were then mixed for about 10 seconds. Then 100 μL of 0.2 mM spectrozyme was added to each well. The thrombin reaction rate was then measured at 405 nm for 5 minutes at 10 seconds intervals in a Molecular Devices microplate reader.

Calculations:

Thrombin reaction rate was expressed as mOD/min. using OD readings from the five minute reaction. IC₅₀ values were calculated with the log-logit curve fit program.

The compounds of the invention demonstrated the ability to inhibit pro-thrombinase when tested in this assay.

EXAMPLE 10 In vivo Assay

The following assay demonstrates the ability of the compounds to act as anti-coagulants.

Male rats (250-330 g) were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (90 mg/kg, i.p.) and prepared for surgery. The left carotid artery was cannulated for the measurement of blood pressure as well as for taking blood samples to monitor clotting variables (prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)). The tail vein was cannulated for the purpose of administering the test compounds (i.e., the compounds of the invention and standards) and the thromboplastin infusion. The abdomen was opened via a mid-line incision and the abdominal vena cava was isolated for 2-3 cm distal to the renal vein. All venous branches in this 2-3 cm segment of the abdominal vena cava were ligated. Following all surgery, the animals were allowed to stabilize prior to beginning the experiment. Test compounds were administered as an intravenous bolus (t=0). Three minutes later (t=3), a 5-minute infusion of thromboplastin was begun. Two minutes into the infusion (t=5), the abdominal vena cava was ligated at both the proximal and distal ends. The vessel was left in place for 60 minutes, after which it was excised from the animal, slit open, the clot (if any) carefully removed, and weighed. Statistical analysis on the results was performed using a Wilcoxin-matched-pairs signed rank test.

The compounds of the invention, when tested in this assay, demonstrated the ability to inhibit the clotting of the blood.

While the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

wherein: Z¹ is —N(R⁹)—; Z² is —N(R⁹)—; R¹ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl, nitro, —OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, or —N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹; R² is —C(NH)NH₂, —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹, —C(NH)N(H)C(O)OR¹¹, —C(NH)N(H)C(O)R⁹, —C(NH)N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹, or —C(NH)N(H)C(O)N(H)R⁹; R³ is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, nitro, ureido, guanidino, —OR⁹, —C(NH)NH₂, —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —R¹²—C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —CH(OH)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —R¹²-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —R¹²-C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, (1,2)-tetrahydropyrimidinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl); R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, nitro, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)N(R⁹)CH₂C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)S(O)₂R¹¹, or —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)—CH₂C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰; R⁷ is —X—CH₂-[C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂ or —X—C([C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂)₂H where: p is 0 to 5; X is —O—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); or R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

where q is 0 to 4; p is 0 to 5; each R¹³ is independently —C(OR⁹)H]_(m)CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and each R¹⁴ is —X-[CH₂]_(r)— or —X—CH₂]C(R¹³)H]_(r)—, where: each r is independently 0 to 5, and each X is —O—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and each R¹³ is independently —[CH(OR⁹)]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)-N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl); each R¹¹ is alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl); and each R¹² is independently an alkylene or alkylidene chain; as a single stereoisomer or a mixture thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A pharmaceutical composition useful in treating a human having a thrombotic complication associated with myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis following orthopedic surgery, transient schemic attack, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, acute promyelocytic leukemia, diabetes, multiple myelomas, septic shock, purpura fulminanas, adult respiratory distress syndrome, angina, or aortic valve or vascular prosthesis, which composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

wherein: Z¹ is —N(R⁹)—; Z² is —N(R⁹)—; R¹ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl, nitro, —OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, or —N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹; R² is —C(NH)NH₂, —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹, —C(NH)N(H)C(O)OR¹¹, —C(NH)N(H)C(O)R⁹, —C(NH)N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹, or —C(NH)N(H)C(O)N(H)R⁹; R³ is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, nitro, ureido, guanidino, —OR⁹, —C(NH)NH₂, —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —R¹²—C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —CH(OH)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —R¹²—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —R¹²—C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, (1,2)-tetrahydropyrimidinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl); R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, nitro, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)N(R⁹)CH₂C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)S(O)₂R¹¹, or —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)—CH₂C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰; R⁷ is —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂ or —X—C([C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂)₂H where: p is 0 to 5; X is —O—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); or R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

 where q is 0 to 4; p is 0 to 5; each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]——SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]n—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and each R¹⁴ is —X—[CH₂]_(r)— or —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(r)—, where: each r is independently 0 to 5, and each X is —O—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and each R¹³ is independently —[CH(OR⁹)]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl); each R¹¹ is alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl); and each R¹² is independently an alkylene or alkylidene chain; as a single stereoisomer or a mixture thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 3. A method of treating a human having a thrombotic complication associated with myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis following orthopedic surgery, transient ischemic attack, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, acute promyelocytic leukemia, diabetes, multiple myelomas, septic shock, purpura fulminanas, adult respiratory distress syndrome, angina, or aortic valve or vascular prosthesis, which method comprises administering to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

wherein: Z¹ is —N(R⁹)—; Z² is —N(R⁹)—; R¹ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl, nitro, —OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, or —N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹; R² is —C(NH)NH₂, —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹, —C(NH)N(H)C(O)OR¹¹, —C(NH)N(H)C(O)R⁹, —C(NH)N(H)S(O)₂R¹¹, or —C(NH)N(H)C(O)N(H)R⁹; R³ is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, nitro, ureido, guanidino, —OR⁹, —C(NH)NH², —C(NH)N(H)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —R¹²—C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —CH(OH)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —R¹²-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —R¹²—C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, (1,2)-tetrahydropyrimidinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), (1,2)-imidazolyl (optionally substituted by alkyl), or (1,2)-imidazolinyl (optionally substituted by alkyl); R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, nitro, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(O)N(R⁹)CH₂C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(O)R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)S(O)₂R¹¹, or —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)—CH₂C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰; R⁷ is —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂ or —X—C([C(R¹³)H]_(p)—C(R¹³)H₂)₂H where: p is 0 to 5; X is —O—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), or and each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); or R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

 where q is 0 to 4; p is 0 to 5; each R¹³ is independently —[C(OR⁹)H]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); and each R¹⁴ is —X—[CH₂]_(r)— or —X—CH₂—[C(R¹³)H]_(r)—, where: each r is independently 0 to 5, and each X is —O—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), or —N(R⁹)—; and each R¹³ is independently —[CH(OR⁹)]_(m)—CH₂—OR⁹ (where m is 1 to 4), —[CH₂]_(n)—OR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—SR⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)R⁹, —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)OR¹¹, —[CH₂]_(n)—OC(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰, or —[CH₂]_(n)—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)R¹⁰ (where each n is independently 0 to 2); each R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl); each R¹¹ is alkyl, aryl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl), or aralkyl (optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, amino, dialkylamino, monoalkylamino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl); and each R¹² is independently an alkylene or alkylidene chain; as a single stereoisomer or a mixture thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 